Changes in Shared Decision-Making Roles and Perceived Stress in Syrian Refugee Parents Resettled in the Greater Toronto Area
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.41100Keywords:
Syrian refugee parents, Canada, changes in decision-making roles, perceived stressAbstract
This study explored changes in shared decision-making roles (day-to-day, financial, and major life decisions) and their relationships to perceived stress among 148 Syrian refugee parents after resettling in Toronto using a generalized estimated equation model. Parents were categorized as “towards shared” decision-making for 20.3%, 23.0%, and 21.6% of day-to-day, major life, and financial decisions, respectively. In families where both parents were unemployed, those who “always shared” making financial decisions had significantly lower perceived stress than those “towards shared” (p = .02). Understanding the cultural contexts of gender roles and the impact of acculturation may help promote better post-migration strategies.
Metrics
References
Ager, A., & Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: A conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 166–191. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen016
Ahmad, F., Othman, N., Hynie, M., Bayoumi, A. M., Oda, A., & McKenzie, K. (2021). Depression-level symptoms among Syrian refugees: Findings from a Canadian longitudinal study. Journal of Mental Health, 30(2), 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2020.1765998
Alfadhli, K., & Drury, J. (2016). Psychosocial support among refugees of conflict in developing countries. Intervention, 14(2), 128–141. https://doi.org/10.1097/wtf.0000000000000119
Alhalaiqa, F., Masa’Deh, R., Al-Yami, M., Al-Ghabeesh, S., Rayan, A., Shawashreh, A., & Al-Omari, O. (2021). Perceived stress among university students: Syrian refugees versus Jordanians. Journal of Public Health, 29(6), 1477–1486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01261-8
Ali-Hassan, Y., Sartipi, K., Jammal, A., Khan, D., & Tamim, H. (2021). Variations in perceived stress among Syrian refugee parents resettled through different sponsorship programs in Canada. Journal of Migration and Health, 4, Article 100066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2021.100066
Arenliu, A., Bertelsen, N., Saad, R., Abdulaziz, H., & Weine, S. M. (2020). War and displacement stressors and coping mechanisms of Syrian urban refugee families living in Istanbul. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(4), 392–401. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000603
Asaf, Y. (2017). Syrian women and the refugee crisis: Surviving the conflict, building peace, and taking new gender roles. Social Sciences, 6(3), Article 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci6030110
Awad, G. H., Ikizler, A. S., & Maghsoodi, A. H. (2023). Stress and health among Arab/MENA Americans. In S. C. Nassar, K. J. Ajrouch, F. J. Dallo, & J. Hakim-Larson (Eds.), Biopsychosocial perspectives on Arab Americans (pp. 301–315). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28360-4_16
Ballentyne, S., Drury, J., Barrett, E., & Marsden, S. (2020). Lost in transition: What refugee post‐migration experiences tell us about processes of social identity change. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 31(5), 501–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2532
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Beiser, M., & Hou, F. (2001). Language acquisition, unemployment and depressive disorder among Southeast Asian refugees: A 10-year study. Social Science & Medicine, 53(10), 1321–1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00412-3
Beitin, B. K., & Aprahamian, M. (2014). Family values and traditions. In S. C. Nassar-McMillan, K. J. Ajrouch, & J. Hakim-Larson (Eds.), Biopsychosocial perspectives on Arab Americans: Culture, development, and health (pp. 67–88). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8238-3_4
Berry, J. W. (1980). Acculturation as varieties of adaptation (A. M. Padilla, ed.). Avalon Publishing.
Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T., & Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. International Migration Review, 21(3), 491–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100303
Betancourt, T. S., Newnham, E. A., Layne, C. M., Kim, S., Steinberg, A. M., Ellis, H., & Birman, D. (2012). Trauma history and psychopathology in war-affected refugee children referred for trauma-related mental health services in the United States. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(6), 682–690. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21749
Bogic, M., Njoku, A., & Priebe, S. (2015). Long-term mental health of war-refugees: A systematic literature review. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 15, Article 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-015-0064-9
Bridekirk, J., Hynie, M., & SyRIA. lth. (2021). The impact of education and employment quality on self-rated mental health among Syrian refugees in Canada. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 23, 290–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-020-01108-0
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
Colic-Peisker, V., & Walker, I. (2003). Human capital, acculturation and social identity: Bosnian refugees in Australia. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 13(5), 337–360. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.743
Commission of the European Communities. (2005). A common agenda for integration framework for the integration of third-country nationals in the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0389:FIN:en:PDF
Dai, L., & Wang, L. (2015). Review of family functioning. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 3(12), 134–141. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2015.312014
Daniel, M., Ottemöller, F. G., Katisi, M., Hollekim, R., & Tesfazghi, Z. Z. (2019). Intergenerational perspectives on refugee children and youth’s adaptation to life in Norway. Population, Space and Place, 17(2), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2321
Darvishpour, M. (2002). Immigrant women challenge the role of men: How the changing power relationship within Iranian families in Sweden intensifies family conflicts after immigration. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 33(2), 271–296. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.33.2.271
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1991). Explaining sex differences in social behavior: A meta-analytic perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(3), 306–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167291173011
Epstein, N. B., Baldwin, L. M., & Bishop, D. S. (1983). The McMaster Family Assessment Device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9(2), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x
Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in Western countries: A systematic review. The Lancet, 365(9467), 1309–1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61027-6
Flores, E., Tschann, J. M., VanOss Marin, B., & Pantoja, P. (2004). Marital conflict and acculturation among Mexican American husbands and wives. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.10.1.39
Gleeson, C., Frost, R., Sherwood, L., Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Halpin, R., Murphy, J., & Silove, D. (2020). Post-migration factors and mental health outcomes in asylum-seeking and refugee populations: a systematic review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), Article 1793567. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1793567
Goodman, S., & Kirkwood, S. (2019). Political and media discourses about integrating refugees in the UK. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(7), 1456–1470. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2595
Government of Canada. (2019). Syrian refugee resettlement initiative—Looking to the future. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/refugees/welcome-syrian-refugees/looking-future.html
Government of Canada. (2021, January 11). #WelcomeRefugees: Key figures. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/refugees/welcome-syrian-refugees/key-figures.html
Guimond, S., Branscombe, N. R., Brunot, S., Buunk, A. P., Chatard, A., Désert, M., Garcia, D. M., Haque, S., Martinot, D., & Yzerbyt, V. (2007). Culture, gender, and the self: Variations and impact of social comparison processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1118–1134. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1118
Hebbani, A., Obijiofor, L., & Bristed, H. (2010). Intercultural communication challenges confronting female Sudanese former refugees in Australia. The Australasian Review of African Studies, 31(1), 37–61.
Houle, R. (2019, February 12). Insights on Canadian society: Results from the 2016 census: Syrian refugees who resettled in Canada in 2015 and 2016 (Catalogue no. 75-006-X). Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2019001/article/00001-eng.htm
Hutchinson, M., & Dorsett, P. (2012). What does the literature say about resilience in refugee people? Implications for practice. Journal of Social Inclusion, 3(2), 55–78. https://doi.org/10.36251/josi55
Hyman, I., Guruge, S., & Mason, R. (2008). The impact of migration on marital relationships: A study of Ethiopian immigrants in Toronto. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 39(2), 149–163. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41604208
Hynie, M. (2018a). Canada’s Syrian refugee program, intergroup relationships and identities. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 50(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2018.0012
Hynie, M. (2018b). The social determinants of refugee mental health in the post-migration context: A critical review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(5), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743717746666
Hynie, M., McGrath, S., Bridekirk, J., Oda, A., Ives, N., Hyndman, J., Arya, N., Shakya, Y. B., Hanley, J., & McKenzie, K. (2019). What role does type of sponsorship play in early integration outcomes? Syrian refugees resettled in six Canadian cities. Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees, 35(2), 36–52. https://doi.org/10.7202/1064818ar
Kalata, N. (2021, March 15). Syrian refugees reflect on a decade of war and their new lives in the Toronto area. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/syrian-refugees-reflect-on-a-decade-of-war-and-their-new-lives-in-the-toronto-area-1.5947946
Khawaja, N. G., & Milner, K. (2012). Acculturation stress in South Sudanese refugees: Impact on marital relationships. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(5), 624–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.03.007
Kim, B. S. K., & Omizo, M. M. (2006). Behavioral acculturation and enculturation and psychological functioning among Asian American college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12(2), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.12.2.245
Korteweg, A. C., & Triadafilopoulos. A. (2013). Gender, religion, and ethnicity: Intersections and boundaries inimmigrant integration policy making. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 20(1), 109–136. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxs027
Krahn, H., Derwing, T., Mulder, M., & Wilkinson, L. (2000). Educated and underemployed: Refugee integration into the Canadian labour market. Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l’integration et de La Migration Internationale, 1(1), 59–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-000-1008-2
Li, S. S. Y., Liddell, B. J., & Nickerson, A. (2016). The relationship between post-migration stress and psychological disorders in refugees and asylum seekers. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(9), Article 82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0723-0
Lovell, M. L., Tran, T., & Nguyen, C. D. (1987). Refugee women: Lives in transition. International Social Work, 30(4), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/002087288703000405
Miller, I. W., Epstein, N. B., Bishop, D. S., & Keitner, G. I. (1985). The McMaster Family Assessment Device: Reliability and validity. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 11(4), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1985.tb00028.x
Morrison, M., & James, S. (2009). Portuguese immigrant families: The impact of acculturation. Family process, 48(1), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2009.01273.x
Murphy, S. E., Gallegos, M. I., Jacobvitz, D. B., & Hazen, N. L. (2017). Coparenting dynamics: Mothers’ and fathers’ differential support and involvement. Personal Relationships, 24(4), 917–932. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12221
Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 294(5), 610–612. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.5.602
Pumariega, A. J., & Rothe, E. (2010). Leaving no children or families outside: The challenges of immigration. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(4), 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01053.x
Reitz, J. G., Simon, P., & Laxer, E. (2017). Muslims’ social inclusion and exclusion in France, Québec, and Canada: Does national context matter? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(15), 2473–2498. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1313105.
Roberti, J. W., Harrington, L. N., & Storch, E. A. (2006). Further psychometric support for the 10-item version of the perceived stress scale. Journal of College Counseling, 9(2), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2006.tb00100.x
Schinkel, W. (2018). Against “immigrant integration”: For an end to neocolonial knowledge production. Comparative Migration Studies, 6(1), Article 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0095-1
Schoppe, S. J., Mangelsdorf, S. C., & Frosch, C. A. (2001). Coparenting, family process, and family structure: Implications for preschoolers’ externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(3), 526–545. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.3.526
Schweitzer, R. D., Brough, M., Vromans, L., & Asic-Kobe, M. (2011). Mental health of newly arrived Burmese refugees in Australia: Contributions of pre-migration and post-migration experience. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(4), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2010.543412
Siriwardhana, C., Ali, S. S., Roberts, B., & Stewart, R. (2014). A systematic review of resilience and mental health outcomes of conflict-driven adult forced migrants. Conflict and Health, 8(1), Article 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1505-8-13
Slobodin, O., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2015). Family interventions in traumatized immigrants and refugees: A systematic review. Transcultural Psychiatry, 52(6), 723–742. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461515588855
Squires, P. (2018). A scoping review of Australian studies of refugee integration: Popular definitions of integration in the Australian literature. Migration Studies,8(1), 90–112. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mny032
Steel, Z., Silove, D., Phan, T., & Bauman, A. (2002). Long-term effect of psychological trauma on the mental health of Vietnamese refugees resettled in Australia: A population-based study. The Lancet, 360(9339), 1056–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11142-1
Steil, J. M. I. (1997). Marital equality: Its relationship to the well-being of husbands and wives. Sage Publications.
UNHCR. (n.d.). Figures at a glance. Retrieved May 2, 2022, from https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Maria Boulos, Michaela Hynie, Shauna Spirling, Hala Tamim
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Refuge authors retain the copyright over their work, and license it to the general public under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License International (CC BY-NC 4.0). This license allows for non-commercial use, reproduction and adaption of the material in any medium or format, with proper attribution. For general information on Creative Commons licences, visit the Creative Commons site. For the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, review the human readable summary.