Grandmothers Behind the Scenes

Subordinate Integration, Care Work, and Power in Syrian Canadian Refugee Resettlement

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40937

Keywords:

elder refugees, aging, subordinate integration, women, claims-making, mattering

Abstract

Research and policy concerning the Syrian Canadian diaspora has not prioritized elders. This article adds to scholarship about the well-being of newcomers admitted via the Syrian Refugee Resettlement Initiative through a focus on grandmothers resettled within their multigenerational families. Using interviews and qualitative field research, we show how the authority and status these elder women once held in Syria may be undermined by their comparatively subordinate integration in Canada. Although new, post-migration configurations of power, care work, and community may present some opportunities, the burdens and dependencies of subordinate integration mostly constrain these elders from reclaiming their authority and status.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Rula Kahil, University of Toronto

Rula Kahil  is an Assistant Professor / Teaching Stream in the Department of Sociology at the University of Toronto Mississauga. She can be reached at rula.kahil@utoronto.ca.

Maleeha Iqbal, University of Toronto

Maleeha Iqbal is a PhD student in Sociology and SSHRC Doctoral Fellow at the University of Toronto. She can be reached at maleeha.iqbal@mail.utoronto.ca.

Neda Maghbouleh, University of Toronto

Neda Maghbouleh is an Associate Professor of Sociology and Canada Research Chair in Migration, Race, and Identity at University of Toronto, and a Wall Scholar at the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Study at UBC. She can be reached at neda.maghbouleh@utoronto.ca.

 

References

Abrego, L. (2014). Sacrificing families: Navigating laws, labor, and love across borders. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804790574

Aubel, J. (2021). Grandmothers—A neglected family resource for saving newborn lives. BMJ Global Health, 6(2), Article e003808. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003808

Bakardjieva, M. (2020). “Say it loud, say it clear …”: Concerting solidarity in the Canadian refugees welcome movement (2015–2016). Canadian Review of Sociology / Revue Canadienne de Sociologie, 57(4), 632–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12305

Baldassar, L. (2007). Transnational families and aged care: The mobility of care and the migrancy of ageing. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33(2), 275–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830601154252

Baldassar, L., & Merla, L., Eds. (2013) Transnational families, migration, and the circulation of care: Understanding mobility and absence in family life. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203077535

Barakat, H. (1993). The Arab world: Society, culture, and state. University of California Press. https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520084278/the-arab-world

Bélanger, D., & Candiz, G. (2020). The politics of “waiting” for care: Immigration policy and family reunification in Canada. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(16), 3472–3490. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1592399

Biles, J., Burstein M., & Frideres, J. (2008). Canadian society: Building inclusive communities. In J. Biles, M. Burstein, & J. Frideres (Eds.), Immigration and integration in Canada in the twenty-first century (pp. 269–278). McGill-Queen’s University Press. https://www.mqup.ca/immigration-and-integration-in-canada-in-the-twenty-first-century-products-9781553392170.php

Bloemraad, I., & Menjívar, C. (2021). Precarious times, professional tensions: The ethics of migration research and the drive for scientific accountability. International Migration Review, 56(1), 4–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/01979183211014455

Boutmira, S. (2021). Older Syrian refugees’ experiences of language barriers in postmigration and (re)settlement context in Canada. International Health Trends and Perspectives, 1(3), 404–417. https://doi.org/10.32920/ihtp.v1i3.1483

Bragg, B., & Wong, W. (2016). “Cancelled dreams”: Family reunification and shifting Canadian immigration policy. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 14(1), 46–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2015.1011364

Brandhorst, R., Baldassar, L., & Wilding, R. (2020). Introduction to the special issue: Transnational family care “on hold”? Intergenerational relationships and obligations in the context of immobility regimes. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 18(3), 261–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/15350770.2020.1787035

Burawoy, M. (1998). The extended case method. Sociological Theory, 16(1), 4–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/0735-2751.00040

Cranford, C. J. (2020). Home care fault lines: Understanding tensions and creating alliances. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501749285

Deneva, N. (2012). Transnational aging carers: On transformation of kinship and citizenship in the context of migration among Bulgarian Muslims in Spain. Social Politics, 19(1), 105–128. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxr027

Elliott, G., Kao, S., & Grant, A. M. (2004). Mattering: Empirical validation of a social-psychological concept. Self and Identity, 3(4), 339–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000119

Fan, Y-K., & Parreñas, R. S. (2018). Who cares for the children and the elderly? Gender and transnational families. In V. Ducu, M. Nedelcu, & A. Telegdi-Csetri (Eds.), Childhood and parenting in transnational settings (pp. 83–99). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90942-4_6

Fitzgerald, D. (2006). Towards a theoretical ethnography of migration. Qualitative Sociology, 29, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-005-9005-6

Fukui, H. M., & Menjívar, C. (2015). Bound by inequality: The social capital of older Asians and Latinos in Phoenix, Arizona. Ethnography, 16(4), 416–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138114565550

Hamilton, L. K., Veronis, L., & Walton-Roberts, M. (Eds.). (2020). A national project: Syrian refugee resettlement in Canada. McGill-Queen’s University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv176ktst

Harb, S. G. (2010). Gender politics, women's rights and international norms in Lebanon. (Publication No. 3420034) [Doctoral dissertation, Florida International University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/dissertations/AAI3420034

Herlofson, K., & Hagestad, G. (2012). Transformations in the role of grandparents across welfare states. In S. Arber & V. Timonen (Eds.), Contemporary grandparenting: Changing family relationships in global contexts (pp. 27–50). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qgrr8

Hynie, M. (2018). Canada’s Syrian refugee program, intergroup relationships and identities. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 50(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2018.0012

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2016, March 31). Transportation loans. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/service-delivery/immigration-loans-program/procedures-transportation.html

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2019a, June). Resettlement assistance program. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/service-delivery/resettlement-assistance-program.html

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2019b, June). Syrian outcomes report. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/documents/pdf/english/corporate/reports-statistics/evaluations/syria-outcomes-report-may-2019.pdf

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2022). Monthly IRCC updates—Admissions of Syrian refugees under Canada’s Syrian refugee resettlement commitment by province/territory of intended destination, gender, age group, and immigration category. https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/01c85d28-2a81-4295-9c06-4af792a7c209

Johnson, P. (2018). War, violence, refugees, and Arab families. In S. Joseph (Ed.), Arab family studies: Critical reviews (pp. 467–481). Syracuse University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1pk860c.32

Joseph, S. (1996). Patriarchy and development in the Arab world. Gender & Development, 4(2), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/741922010

Joseph, S. (Ed.). (1999). Intimate selving in Arab families: Gender, self, and identity. Syracuse University Press. https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/1352/intimate-selving-in-arab-families/

Joseph, S. (2000). Civic myths, citizenship and gender in Lebanon. In S. Joseph (Ed.), Gender and citizenship in the Middle East (pp. 107–136). Syracuse University Press.

Joseph, S. (2012). Thinking intentionality: Arab women’s subjectivity and its discontents. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, 8(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.2979/jmiddeastwomstud.8.2.1

Kanaaneh, R. (1995). We’ll talk later. Cultural Anthropology, 10(1), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1525/can.1995.10.1.02a00070

King, R., Cela, E., Fokkema, T., & Vullnetari, J. (2014). The migration and well‐being of the zero generation: Transgenerational care, grandparenting, and loneliness amongst Albanian older people. Population, Space and Place, 20(8), 728–738. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1895

Kyriakides, C., Bajjali, L., McLuhan, A., & Anderson, K. (2018). Beyond refuge: Contested orientalism and persons of self-rescue. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 50(2), 59–78. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2018.0015

Mathieu, S. (2019). La transformation de l'offre de services de garde au Québec: une brèche dans la collectivisation du travail de reproduction sociale? Canadian Review of Sociology / Revue canadienne de sociologie, 56(2), 204–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12243

Merla, L. (2012). Salvadoran migrants in Australia: An analysis of transnational families’ capability to care across borders. International Migration, 53(6), 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12024

Milan, A., Laflamme, N., & Wong, I. (2015, April 14). Diversity of grandparents living with their grandchildren. Statistics Canada (Catalogue no. 75-006-X, no. 2015001). https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2015001/article/14154-eng.htm

Nedelcu, M., & Wyss, M. (2020). Transnational grandparenting: An introduction. Global Networks, 20(2), 292–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12249

Neysmith, S. M., & Zhou, Y. R. (2013). Mapping another dimension of a feminist ethics of care: Family-based transnational care. IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics, 6(2), 141–159. https://doi.org/10.3138/ijfab.6.2.141

Oudshoorn, A., Benbow, S., & Meyer, M. (2020). Resettlement of Syrian refugees in Canada. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 21(3), 893–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-019-00695-8

Parreñas, R. (2015). Servants of globalization: Migration and domestic work (2nd ed.). Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804796187

Rabiah-Mohammed, F., Hamilton, L. K., Oudshoorn, A., Bakhash, M., Tarraf, R., Arnout, E., Brown, C., Benbow S., Elnihum S., El Hazzouri M., Esses V. M., & Theriault, L. (2022). Syrian refugees’ experiences of the pandemic in Canada: Barriers to integration and just solutions. Studies in Social Justice, 16(1), 9–32. https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v16i1.2669

Rosenberg, M., & McCullough, B. C. (1981). Mattering: Inferred significance and mental health among adolescents. Research in Community & Mental Health, 2, 163–182. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1983-07744-001

Small, M. L. (2009). “How many cases do I need?” On science and the logic of case selection in field-based research. Ethnography, 10(1), 5–38 https://doi.org/10.1177/1466138108099586

Taha, D. M. (2020). “Like a tree without leaves”: Syrian refugee women and the shifting meaning of marriage. Mashriq & Mahjar: Journal of Middle East and North African Migration Studies, 7(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.24847/77i2020.245

Tyyskä, V. (2015). Sri Lankan Tamil families in Canada: Problems, resiliency, and intergenerational solidarity. Family Science Review, 20(2), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.26536/FSR.2015.20.02.03

Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Alowidy, D. (2019). Hanin: Nostalgia among Syrian refugees. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(7), 1368–1384. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2590

Wyss, M., & Nedelcu, M. (2020). Grandparents on the move: A multilevel framework analysis to understand diversity in zero‐generation care arrangements in Switzerland. Global Networks, 20(2), 343–361. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12250

Yarris, K. E. (2014). “Pensando mucho” (“thinking too much”): Embodied distress among grandmothers in Nicaraguan transnational families. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 38(3), 473–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-014-9381-z

Young, W. C., & Shami, S. (1997). Anthropological approaches to the Arab family: An introduction. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 28(2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.28.2.1

Zhou, Y. R. (2018). Transnational grandparenting: The intersection of transnationalism and translocality. In V. Timonen (Ed.), Grandparenting practices around the world: Reshaping family (pp. 113–130). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447340645.003.0006

Published

2022-12-31

How to Cite

Kahil, R., Iqbal, M., & Maghbouleh, N. (2022). Grandmothers Behind the Scenes: Subordinate Integration, Care Work, and Power in Syrian Canadian Refugee Resettlement . Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 38(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40937

Similar Articles

<< < 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.