Demarcating Boundaries: Against the “Humanitarian Embrace”

Authors

  • Hanno Brankamp Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford, UK

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40791

Keywords:

humanization, humanitarianism, partnerships, critical scholarship, refugee studies, solidarity, power

Abstract

Recent years have seen recurrent calls for bridging the “gap” between the worlds of policy-makers, practitioners, and academic scholars concerned with forced migration and humanitarian aid. This has resulted in growing partnerships between international organisations, governments, businesses, foundations, and universities with the aim of harnessing market economic thinking to create new practice-oriented knowledge rather than out-of-touch theories. This intervention responds critically to these developments and questions the seemingly common-sense logic behind attempts to forge ever closer collaborations across institutional lines. Rather than benefitting displaced communities, bridging divides has often served as a way of consolidating the hegemony of humanitarian actors and inadvertently delegitimized more critical scholarship. Scholars in refugee and forced migration studies have hereby been engulfed in a tightening “humanitarian embrace”. This paper argues that in order to fulfil a scholarly commitment to social justice, anti-violence and pro-asylum politics, it is time to again demarcate the boundaries between the practices and institutions that reproduce humanitarian power and their critics.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Bakewell, O. (2008). Research beyond the categories: The importance of policy irrelevant research into forced migration. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(4), 432–453. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen042

Bejarano, C. A., Juárez, L. L, García, M. A. M, & Goldstein, D. M. (2019). Decolonizing ethnography: Undocumented immigrants and new directions in social science. Duke University Press.

Benton, A. (2016). African expatriates and race in the anthropology of humanitarianism. Critical African Studies, 8(3), 266–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681392.2016.1244956

Betts, A., & Bloom, L. (2014). Humanitarian innovation: The state of the art. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.

Betts, A., & Collier, P. (2018). Refuge: Transforming a broken refugee system. Penguin Random House.

Billo, E., & Mountz, A. (2016). For institutional ethnography: Geographical approaches to institutions and the everyday. Progress in Human Geography, 40(2), 199–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132515572269

Bradley, M. (2008). On the agenda: North–South research partnerships and agenda-setting processes. Development in Practice, 18(6), 673–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520802386314

Brankamp, H. (2018, June 13). The cynical recasting of refugees as raconteurs can’t mask the grim reality, The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/jun/13/tedx-kenya-kakuma-refugee-camp-hanno-brankamp

Chimni, B. S. (1998). The geopolitics of refugee studies: A view from the South. Journal of Refugee Studies, 11(4): 350–374. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/11.4.350-a

Chimni, B. S. (2009). The birth of a “discipline”: From refugee to forced migration studies. Journal of Refugee Studies, 22(1), 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen051

Clark-Kazak, C. (2017). Ethical considerations: Research with people in situations of forced migration. Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees, 33(2), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.7202/1043059ar

DeLeon, A. P. (2012). Against the grain of the status quo: Anarchism behind enemy lines. In R. H. Haworth (Ed.), Anarchist pedagogies: Collective actions, theories, and critical reflections on education (pp. 312–325). PM Press.

Department for International Development (DFID). (2011). Humanitarian emergency response review: UK government response. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67489/hum-emer-resp-rev-uk-gvmt-resp.pdf

De Waal, A. (2015, December 7). Policy to research to policy in difficult places. Humanity Journal. http://humanityjournal.org/blog/policy-to-research-to-policy-in-difficult-places/

DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101

Enhancing Learning and Research for Humanitarian Assistance (ELRHA). (2012). ELRHA guide to constructing effective partnerships. https://www.elrha.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/effective-partnerships-report.pdf

Farah, R. (2020). Expat, local, and refugee: “Studying up” the global division of labor and mobility in the humanitarian industry in Jordan. Migration and Society, 3(1), 130–144. https://doi.org/10.3167/arms.2020.030111

Fassin, D. (2011). Humanitarian reason: A moral history of the present. University of California Press.

Fast, L. (2017, November 2). The data divide: Overcoming an increasing practitioner-academic gap. Humanitarian Law & Policy. https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2017/11/02/the-data-divide-overcoming-an-increasing-practitioner-academic-gap/

Ferris, E. (2012). On partnerships, power and policy in researching displacement. Journal of Refugee Studies, 25(4), 576–580. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fes036

Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, E. (2020). Introduction: Recentering the South in studies of migration. Migration and Society, 3(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3167/arms.2020.030102

Fischlin, D., Heble, A., & Lipsitz, G. (2013). The fierce urgency of now: Improvisation, rights, and the ethics of cocreation. Duke University Press.

Freire, P. (1993). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Penguin Modern Classics.

Gilmore, R. W. (2007). Golden Gulag: Prisons, surplus, crisis, and opposition in globalizing California. University of California Press.

Guilhot, N. (2012). The anthropologist as witness: Humanitarianism between ethnography and critique. Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, 3(1): 81–101. https://doi.org/10.1353/hum.2012.0002

Hartman, Y., & Darab, S. (2012). A call for slow scholarship: A case study on the intensification of academic life and its implications for pedagogy. Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies, 34(1–2), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2012.643740

Hilhorst, D. (2018). Classical humanitarianism and resilience humanitarianism: Making sense of two brands of humanitarian action. Journal of International Humanitarian Action, 3(1), Article 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-018-0043-6

Hilhorst, D., & Jansen, B. J. (2010). Humanitarian space as arena: A perspective on the everyday politics of aid. Development and Change, 41(6), 1117–1139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2010.01673.x

Hyndman, J. (2000). Managing displacement: Refugees and the politics of humanitarianism. University of Minnesota Press.

Ilcan, S., & Rygiel, K. (2015). “Resiliency humanitarianism”: Responsibilizing refugees through humanitarian emergency governance in the camp. International Political Sociology, 9(4), 333–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12101

Krause, U. (2017). Researching forced migration: Critical reflections on research ethics during fieldwork (RSC Working Paper Series). Refugee Studies Centre. https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/researching-forced-migration-critical-reflections-on-research-ethics-during-fieldwork

Kuus, M. (2015). For slow research. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 39(4), 838–840, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12257

Lammers, E. (2007). Researching refugees: Preoccupations with power and questions of giving. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 26(3), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdi0244

Landau, L. B. (2012). Communities of knowledge or tyrannies of partnership: Reflections on North–South research networks and the dual imperative. Journal of Refugee Studies, 25(4), 555–570. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fes005

Mackay, F., Monro, S., & Waylen, G. (2009). The feminist potential of sociological institutionalism. Politics and Gender, 5(2), 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X09000208

Mackenzie, C., McDowell, C., & Pittaway, E. (2007). Beyond “do no harm”: The challenge of constructing ethical relationships in refugee research. Journal of Refugee Studies, 20(2), 299–319. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fem008

Madison, D. S. (2012). Critical ethnography: Method, ethics, and performance. Sage Publications.

Martell, L. (2014). The slow university: Inequality, power and alternatives. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-15.3.2223

Mei-Singh, L. (2020). Accompaniment through carceral geographies: Abolitionist research partnerships with Indigenous communities. Antipode, 33(1), 74–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12589

Mills, D., & Ratcliffe, R. (2012). After method? Ethnography in the knowledge economy. Qualitative Research, 12(2), 147–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794111420902

Mountz, A., Bonds, A., Mansfield, B., Loyd, J., Hyndman, J., Walton-Roberts, M., Basu, R., Whitson, R., Hawkins, R., Hamilton, T., & Curran, W.(2015). For slow scholarship: A feminist politics of resistance through collective action in the neoliberal university. Acme, 14(4), 1235–1259. https://www.acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/1058

Nader, L. (1972). Up the anthropologist: Perspectives gained from studying up. In D. Hymes (Ed.), Reinventing anthropology (pp. 284–311). Pantheon Books.

Ogata, S. (2000). An agenda for business–humanitarian partnerships. Washington Quarterly, 23(2), 167–170. https://doi.org/10.1162/016366000560836

Olivius, E. (2017). Sites of repression and resistance: Political space in refugee camps in Thailand. Critical Asian Studies, 49(3), 289–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2017.1333268

Pailey, R. N. (2020). De-centring the “white gaze” of development. Development and Change, 51(3), 729–745. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12550

Pascucci, E. (2017). The humanitarian infrastructure and the question of over-research: Reflections on fieldwork in the refugee crises in the Middle East and North Africa. Area, 49(2), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12312

Pittaway, E., Bartolomei, L., & Hugman, R. (2010). “Stop stealing our stories”: The ethics of research with vulnerable groups. Journal of Human Rights Practice, 2(2), 229–251. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huq004

Priyadharshini, E. (2003). Coming unstuck: Thinking otherwise about “studying up.” Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 34(4). 420–437. https://doi.org/10.1525/aeq.2003.34.4.420

Reid-Henry, S. M. (2014). Humanitarianism as liberal diagnostic: Humanitarian reason and the political rationalities of the liberal will-to-care. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 39(3), 418–431. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12029

Reid-Henry, S., & Sending, O. J. (2014). The “humanitarianization” of urban violence. Environment and Urbanization, 26(2), 427–442. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247814544616

Sandvik, K. B. (2017). Now is the time to deliver: Looking for humanitarian innovation’s theory of change. Journal of International Humanitarian Action, 2(8), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-017-0023-2

Scott-Smith, T. (2016). Humanitarian neophilia: The “innovation turn” and its implications. Third World Quarterly, 37(12), 2229–2251. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1176856

Shahjahan, R. A. (2015). Being “lazy” and slowing down: Toward decolonizing time, our body, and pedagogy. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 47(5), 488–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2014.880645

Simon, R. I. (1992). Teaching against the grain: Texts for a pedagogy of possibility. Bergin and Garvey.

Skilbrei, M. L. (2020). Taking on the categories, terms and worldviews of the powerful: The pitfalls of trying to be relevant. Identities, 28(5), 561–577. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2020.1805884

Smirl, L. (2008). Building the other, constructing ourselves: Spatial dimensions of international humanitarian response. International Political Sociology, 2(3), 236–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-5687.2008.00047.x

Smith, K. (2015). Stories told by, for, and about women refugees: Engendering resistance. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 14(2), 461–469. https://www.acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/1174

Stevens, D., Hayman, R., & Mdee, A. (2013). “Cracking collaboration” between NGOs and academics in development research. Development in Practice, 23(8), 1071–1077. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2013.840266

Stoler, A. L. (2009). Along the archival grain: Epistemic anxieties and colonial common sense. Princeton University Press.

Ticktin, M. (2011). Casualties of care: Immigration and the politics of humanitarianism in France. University of California Press.

Tomlinson, B., & Lipsitz, G. (2013). American studies as accompaniment. American Quarterly, 65(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2013.0009

Turner, L. (2020). “#Refugees can be entrepreneurs too!” Humanitarianism, race, and the marketing of syrian refugees. Review of International Studies, 46(1), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210519000342

Weizman, E. (2011). The least of all possible evils: Humanitarian violence from Arendt to Gaza. Verso.

Zingerli, C. (2010). A sociology of international research partnerships for sustainable development. European Journal of Development Research, 22, 217–233. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2010.1

Published

2021-11-22 — Updated on 2021-11-22

Versions

How to Cite

Brankamp, H. (2021). Demarcating Boundaries: Against the “Humanitarian Embrace”. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 37(2), 46–55. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40791

Similar Articles

<< < 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.