Changes in Shared Decision-Making Roles and Perceived Stress in Syrian Refugee Parents Resettled in the Greater Toronto Area

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.41100

Keywords:

Syrian refugee parents, Canada, changes in decision-making roles, perceived stress

Abstract

This study explored changes in shared decision-making roles (day-to-day, financial, and major life decisions) and their relationships to perceived stress among 148 Syrian refugee parents after resettling in Toronto using a generalized estimated equation model. Parents were categorized as “towards shared” decision-making for 20.3%, 23.0%, and 21.6% of day-to-day, major life, and financial decisions, respectively. In families where both parents were unemployed, those who “always shared” making financial decisions had significantly lower perceived stress than those “towards shared” (p = .02). Understanding the cultural contexts of gender roles and the impact of acculturation may help promote better post-migration strategies.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Maria Boulos, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University

Maria Boulos is a Master’s Graduate Student at York University. She can be reached at maria.boulos1@gmail.com

Michaela Hynie, Department of Psychology, York University

Michaela Hynie is a Professor of Psychology at York University and a resident member of York University’s Centre for Refugee Studies. She can be reached at mhynie@yorku.ca.

Shauna Spirling, York University

Shauna Clayton is a PhD student at York University. She can be reached at shauna29@yorku.ca.

Hala Tamim , School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University

Hala Tamim is a Professor at the School of Kinesiology and Health Science at York University, and a member of the LaMarsh Centre for Child and Youth Research. She can be reached at htamim@yorku.ca.

References

Ager, A., & Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: A conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 166–191. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen016

Ahmad, F., Othman, N., Hynie, M., Bayoumi, A. M., Oda, A., & McKenzie, K. (2021). Depression-level symptoms among Syrian refugees: Findings from a Canadian longitudinal study. Journal of Mental Health, 30(2), 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2020.1765998

Alfadhli, K., & Drury, J. (2016). Psychosocial support among refugees of conflict in developing countries. Intervention, 14(2), 128–141. https://doi.org/10.1097/wtf.0000000000000119

Alhalaiqa, F., Masa’Deh, R., Al-Yami, M., Al-Ghabeesh, S., Rayan, A., Shawashreh, A., & Al-Omari, O. (2021). Perceived stress among university students: Syrian refugees versus Jordanians. Journal of Public Health, 29(6), 1477–1486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01261-8

Ali-Hassan, Y., Sartipi, K., Jammal, A., Khan, D., & Tamim, H. (2021). Variations in perceived stress among Syrian refugee parents resettled through different sponsorship programs in Canada. Journal of Migration and Health, 4, Article 100066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2021.100066

Arenliu, A., Bertelsen, N., Saad, R., Abdulaziz, H., & Weine, S. M. (2020). War and displacement stressors and coping mechanisms of Syrian urban refugee families living in Istanbul. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(4), 392–401. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000603

Asaf, Y. (2017). Syrian women and the refugee crisis: Surviving the conflict, building peace, and taking new gender roles. Social Sciences, 6(3), Article 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci6030110

Awad, G. H., Ikizler, A. S., & Maghsoodi, A. H. (2023). Stress and health among Arab/MENA Americans. In S. C. Nassar, K. J. Ajrouch, F. J. Dallo, & J. Hakim-Larson (Eds.), Biopsychosocial perspectives on Arab Americans (pp. 301–315). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28360-4_16

Ballentyne, S., Drury, J., Barrett, E., & Marsden, S. (2020). Lost in transition: What refugee post‐migration experiences tell us about processes of social identity change. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 31(5), 501–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2532

Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497

Beiser, M., & Hou, F. (2001). Language acquisition, unemployment and depressive disorder among Southeast Asian refugees: A 10-year study. Social Science & Medicine, 53(10), 1321–1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00412-3

Beitin, B. K., & Aprahamian, M. (2014). Family values and traditions. In S. C. Nassar-McMillan, K. J. Ajrouch, & J. Hakim-Larson (Eds.), Biopsychosocial perspectives on Arab Americans: Culture, development, and health (pp. 67–88). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8238-3_4

Berry, J. W. (1980). Acculturation as varieties of adaptation (A. M. Padilla, ed.). Avalon Publishing.

Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Minde, T., & Mok, D. (1987). Comparative studies of acculturative stress. International Migration Review, 21(3), 491–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100303

Betancourt, T. S., Newnham, E. A., Layne, C. M., Kim, S., Steinberg, A. M., Ellis, H., & Birman, D. (2012). Trauma history and psychopathology in war-affected refugee children referred for trauma-related mental health services in the United States. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(6), 682–690. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21749

Bogic, M., Njoku, A., & Priebe, S. (2015). Long-term mental health of war-refugees: A systematic literature review. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 15, Article 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-015-0064-9

Bridekirk, J., Hynie, M., & SyRIA. lth. (2021). The impact of education and employment quality on self-rated mental health among Syrian refugees in Canada. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 23, 290–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-020-01108-0

Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404

Colic-Peisker, V., & Walker, I. (2003). Human capital, acculturation and social identity: Bosnian refugees in Australia. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 13(5), 337–360. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.743

Commission of the European Communities. (2005). A common agenda for integration framework for the integration of third-country nationals in the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0389:FIN:en:PDF

Dai, L., & Wang, L. (2015). Review of family functioning. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 3(12), 134–141. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2015.312014

Daniel, M., Ottemöller, F. G., Katisi, M., Hollekim, R., & Tesfazghi, Z. Z. (2019). Intergenerational perspectives on refugee children and youth’s adaptation to life in Norway. Population, Space and Place, 17(2), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2321

Darvishpour, M. (2002). Immigrant women challenge the role of men: How the changing power relationship within Iranian families in Sweden intensifies family conflicts after immigration. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 33(2), 271–296. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.33.2.271

Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1991). Explaining sex differences in social behavior: A meta-analytic perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(3), 306–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167291173011

Epstein, N. B., Baldwin, L. M., & Bishop, D. S. (1983). The McMaster Family Assessment Device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9(2), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x

Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in Western countries: A systematic review. The Lancet, 365(9467), 1309–1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61027-6

Flores, E., Tschann, J. M., VanOss Marin, B., & Pantoja, P. (2004). Marital conflict and acculturation among Mexican American husbands and wives. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.10.1.39

Gleeson, C., Frost, R., Sherwood, L., Shevlin, M., Hyland, P., Halpin, R., Murphy, J., & Silove, D. (2020). Post-migration factors and mental health outcomes in asylum-seeking and refugee populations: a systematic review. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), Article 1793567. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1793567

Goodman, S., & Kirkwood, S. (2019). Political and media discourses about integrating refugees in the UK. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(7), 1456–1470. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2595

Government of Canada. (2019). Syrian refugee resettlement initiative—Looking to the future. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/refugees/welcome-syrian-refugees/looking-future.html

Government of Canada. (2021, January 11). #WelcomeRefugees: Key figures. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/refugees/welcome-syrian-refugees/key-figures.html

Guimond, S., Branscombe, N. R., Brunot, S., Buunk, A. P., Chatard, A., Désert, M., Garcia, D. M., Haque, S., Martinot, D., & Yzerbyt, V. (2007). Culture, gender, and the self: Variations and impact of social comparison processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1118–1134. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1118

Hebbani, A., Obijiofor, L., & Bristed, H. (2010). Intercultural communication challenges confronting female Sudanese former refugees in Australia. The Australasian Review of African Studies, 31(1), 37–61.

Houle, R. (2019, February 12). Insights on Canadian society: Results from the 2016 census: Syrian refugees who resettled in Canada in 2015 and 2016 (Catalogue no. 75-006-X). Statistics Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2019001/article/00001-eng.htm

Hutchinson, M., & Dorsett, P. (2012). What does the literature say about resilience in refugee people? Implications for practice. Journal of Social Inclusion, 3(2), 55–78. https://doi.org/10.36251/josi55

Hyman, I., Guruge, S., & Mason, R. (2008). The impact of migration on marital relationships: A study of Ethiopian immigrants in Toronto. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 39(2), 149–163. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41604208

Hynie, M. (2018a). Canada’s Syrian refugee program, intergroup relationships and identities. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 50(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2018.0012

Hynie, M. (2018b). The social determinants of refugee mental health in the post-migration context: A critical review. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(5), 297–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743717746666

Hynie, M., McGrath, S., Bridekirk, J., Oda, A., Ives, N., Hyndman, J., Arya, N., Shakya, Y. B., Hanley, J., & McKenzie, K. (2019). What role does type of sponsorship play in early integration outcomes? Syrian refugees resettled in six Canadian cities. Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees, 35(2), 36–52. https://doi.org/10.7202/1064818ar

Kalata, N. (2021, March 15). Syrian refugees reflect on a decade of war and their new lives in the Toronto area. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/syrian-refugees-reflect-on-a-decade-of-war-and-their-new-lives-in-the-toronto-area-1.5947946

Khawaja, N. G., & Milner, K. (2012). Acculturation stress in South Sudanese refugees: Impact on marital relationships. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(5), 624–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.03.007

Kim, B. S. K., & Omizo, M. M. (2006). Behavioral acculturation and enculturation and psychological functioning among Asian American college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12(2), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.12.2.245

Korteweg, A. C., & Triadafilopoulos. A. (2013). Gender, religion, and ethnicity: Intersections and boundaries inimmigrant integration policy making. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 20(1), 109–136. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxs027

Krahn, H., Derwing, T., Mulder, M., & Wilkinson, L. (2000). Educated and underemployed: Refugee integration into the Canadian labour market. Journal of International Migration and Integration / Revue de l’integration et de La Migration Internationale, 1(1), 59–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-000-1008-2

Li, S. S. Y., Liddell, B. J., & Nickerson, A. (2016). The relationship between post-migration stress and psychological disorders in refugees and asylum seekers. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(9), Article 82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0723-0

Lovell, M. L., Tran, T., & Nguyen, C. D. (1987). Refugee women: Lives in transition. International Social Work, 30(4), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/002087288703000405

Miller, I. W., Epstein, N. B., Bishop, D. S., & Keitner, G. I. (1985). The McMaster Family Assessment Device: Reliability and validity. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 11(4), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1985.tb00028.x

Morrison, M., & James, S. (2009). Portuguese immigrant families: The impact of acculturation. Family process, 48(1), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2009.01273.x

Murphy, S. E., Gallegos, M. I., Jacobvitz, D. B., & Hazen, N. L. (2017). Coparenting dynamics: Mothers’ and fathers’ differential support and involvement. Personal Relationships, 24(4), 917–932. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12221

Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis. JAMA, 294(5), 610–612. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.5.602

Pumariega, A. J., & Rothe, E. (2010). Leaving no children or families outside: The challenges of immigration. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(4), 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01053.x

Reitz, J. G., Simon, P., & Laxer, E. (2017). Muslims’ social inclusion and exclusion in France, Québec, and Canada: Does national context matter? Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(15), 2473–2498. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1313105.

Roberti, J. W., Harrington, L. N., & Storch, E. A. (2006). Further psychometric support for the 10-item version of the perceived stress scale. Journal of College Counseling, 9(2), 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2006.tb00100.x

Schinkel, W. (2018). Against “immigrant integration”: For an end to neocolonial knowledge production. Comparative Migration Studies, 6(1), Article 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0095-1

Schoppe, S. J., Mangelsdorf, S. C., & Frosch, C. A. (2001). Coparenting, family process, and family structure: Implications for preschoolers’ externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(3), 526–545. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.3.526

Schweitzer, R. D., Brough, M., Vromans, L., & Asic-Kobe, M. (2011). Mental health of newly arrived Burmese refugees in Australia: Contributions of pre-migration and post-migration experience. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(4), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2010.543412

Siriwardhana, C., Ali, S. S., Roberts, B., & Stewart, R. (2014). A systematic review of resilience and mental health outcomes of conflict-driven adult forced migrants. Conflict and Health, 8(1), Article 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-1505-8-13

Slobodin, O., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2015). Family interventions in traumatized immigrants and refugees: A systematic review. Transcultural Psychiatry, 52(6), 723–742. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461515588855

Squires, P. (2018). A scoping review of Australian studies of refugee integration: Popular definitions of integration in the Australian literature. Migration Studies,8(1), 90–112. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mny032

Steel, Z., Silove, D., Phan, T., & Bauman, A. (2002). Long-term effect of psychological trauma on the mental health of Vietnamese refugees resettled in Australia: A population-based study. The Lancet, 360(9339), 1056–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11142-1

Steil, J. M. I. (1997). Marital equality: Its relationship to the well-being of husbands and wives. Sage Publications.

UNHCR. (n.d.). Figures at a glance. Retrieved May 2, 2022, from https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html

Published

2024-03-01

How to Cite

Boulos, M., Hynie, M., Spirling, S., & Tamim, H. (2024). Changes in Shared Decision-Making Roles and Perceived Stress in Syrian Refugee Parents Resettled in the Greater Toronto Area. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 39(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.41100

Similar Articles

<< < 161 162 163 164 165 166 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.