Life beyond Refuge

A System Theory of Change for Supporting Refugee Newcomers

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40892

Keywords:

refugees, resettlement, theory of change, community-based evaluation, evaluation framework

Abstract

Canada is internationally recognized as a leader in welcoming refugee newcomers. However, there is limited evidence about how well refugee newcomers fare after arriving in Canada, and the effectiveness of resettlement services and supports. A system theory of change was developed to guide assessments of complexity across the refugee-serving sector that seek to investigate refugees’ lived experiences and evaluate practice across multiple levels. This article describes the process of developing the system theory of change, Life Beyond Refuge, and the implications for community-level practice, public policy, and ultimately, resettlement outcomes for refugee newcomers.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Rich Janzen, Centre for Community Based Research

Rich Janzen is Executive Director at the Centre for Community Based Research, and Adjunct Associate Professor at Renison University College at the University of Waterloo. He can be reached at rich@communitybasedresearch.ca.

Mischa Taylor, University of Alberta

Mischa Taylor is a Research Coordinator at the University of Alberta.  She can be reached at mischa@ualberta.ca

Rebecca Gokiert, University of Alberta

Rebecca Gokiert, PhD, RPsych is a Professor in the School of Public Health and the Director of the Evaluation Capacity Network at the University of Alberta. She can be reached at rgokiert@ualberta.ca.

References

Ager, A., & Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: A conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 166–191. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen016

Agrawal, S., & Zeitouny, S. (2017, October). Settlement experience of Syrian refugees in Alberta. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. https://cms.eas.ualberta.ca/UrbanEnvOb/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2017/11/Syrian-Refugees-final-report-Nov-2017-1.pdf

Ahad, A., Le Coz, C., & Beirens, H. (2020). Using evidence to improve refugee resettlement: A monitoring and evaluation road map. Migration Policy Institute Europe. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/MPIE_Resettlement-MonitoringEval-Final.pdf

Alberta Association of Immigrant Serving Agencies (AAISA). (2017). Alberta Syrian refugee resettlement experience study. https://aaisa.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Alberta-Syrian-Refugee-Resettlement-Study_Final.pdf

Arvidson, M., & Lyon, F. (2014). Social impact measurement and non-profit organisations: Compliance, resistance, and promotion. Voluntas, 25, 869–886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9373-6

Atwell, R., Gifford, S. M., & McDonald-Wilmsen, B. (2009). Resettled refugee families and their children’s futures: Coherence, hope, and support. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 40(5), 677–697. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41604320

Balaghi, D. A., Westdal, J. N., & Rispoli, K. (2017). Social context during resettlement and its influence on Arab refugee youth’s well-being. School Psychology Forum: Research in Practice, 11(4), 145–159. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-55457-005

Beaman, L. A. (2012). Social networks and the dynamics of labour market outcomes: Evidence from refugee resettlement in the U.S. The Review of Economic Studies, 79(1), 128–161. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdr017

Beiser, M. (1999). Strangers at the gate: The “boat people’s” first ten years in Canada. University of Toronto Press. https://utorontopress.com/9780802081179/strangers-at-the-gate/

Benseman, J. (2014). Adult refugee learners with limited literacy needs and effective responses. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 30(1), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.38606

Bevelander, P., & Pendakur, R. (2014). The labour market integration of refugee and family reunion immigrants: A comparison of outcomes in Canada and Sweden. Journal of Ethnic & Migration Studies, 40(5), 689–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.849569

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513

Broughton, S., & Shields, J. (2020). Resilience and the immigrant settlement sector: A consideration of the place of accountability and performance measurement [Research report]. York University. https://bmrc-irmu.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/04/April-2020-Shields-Full-Report-FINAL.pdf?x82641

Brown, O. (2008, February 15). Migration and climate change (IOM Migration Research Series No. 31). International Organization for Migration. https://www.iom.int/news/iom-migration-research-series-no-31-migration-and-climate-change

Caidi, N., & Allard, D. (2005). Social inclusion of newcomers to Canada: An information problem? Library & Information Science Research, 27(3), 302–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2005.04.003

Canadian Council for Refugees (CCR). (1996, April). An uncertain welcome: Refugees at Canada’s visa posts. http://ccrweb.ca/en/uncertain-welcome-refugees-canadas-visa-posts.

Canadian Council for Refugees (CCR). (2009, April). Brief history of Canada’s responses to refugees. https://ccrweb.ca/en/brief-history-canadas-responses-refugees

Canadian Council for Refugees (CCR). (2011, December 23). Refugee integration: Key concerns and areas for further research. http://ccrweb.ca/files/refugee-integration-research-report.pdf

Canadian Index for Measuring Integration (CIMI). (2017, May). Methodology overview. https://www.integrationindex.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/CIMI-Methodology-Overview.pdf

Canadian Index of Wellbeing (CIW). (2016). How are Canadians really doing? The 2016 CIW national report. CIW andUniversity of Waterloo. https://uwaterloo.ca/canadian-index-wellbeing/sites/ca.canadian-index-wellbeing/files/uploads/files/c011676-nationalreport-ciw_final-s_0.pdf

Cheyne-Hazineh, L. (2020). Creating new possibilities: Service provider perspectives on the settlement and integration of Syrian refugee youth in a Canadian community. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 52(2), 115–137. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2020.0008

Centre for Community Based Research (CCBR). (2022a). Global refugee sponsorship evaluation toolkit. https://projects.communitybasedresearch.ca/projects/8958_refugee-evaluation-toolkit/

Centre for Community Based Research (CCBR). (2022b). Private refugee sponsorship evaluation framework. https://projects.communitybasedresearch.ca/projects/8960_refugee-private-sponsorship-evaluation-framework/

Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC). (2011, March). Evaluation of Government Assisted Refugees (GAR) and Resettlement Assistance Program (RAP). https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/pdf/pub/gar-rap.pdf

Diener, B., & Thibedeau, J. (2019, October 31). Measuring outcomes of newcomers, settlement services and of LIP and RIF activities [Conference workshop]. Pathways to Prosperity 2019 National Conference, Toronto, ON. http://p2pcanada.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2019/12/2019W-Th11-All.pdf

Donaldson, T. (2017, November 17). Let’s talk about outcomes: Our approach to settlement and integration [Conference workshop]. Pathways to Prosperity 2017 National Conference, Toronto, ON. http://p2pcanada.ca/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2017/11/Session-2_Tracey-Donaldson-ENGLISH.pdf

Dorman, K., Bozinoff, N., Redditt, V., Kim, E., Glazier, R. H., & Rashid, M. (2017). Health status of North Korean refugees in Toronto: A community based participatory research study. Journal of Immigrant & Minority Health, 19, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0307-9

Dumann, N., & Tissot, F. (2020, September 29). Evaluation of the German community-based sponsorship programme “NesT—New Start in a Team.” Federal Office for Migration and Refugees. https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/ProjekteReportagen/EN/Forschung/Migration/evaluation-resettlement-programm-nest.html;jsessionid=EDCB7D3B63E111DCF0972427176BDCC6.intranet252?nn=403976

Dunn, T. J., Browne, A., Haworth, S., Wurie, F., & Campos-Matos, I. (2021). Service evaluation of the English Refugee Health Information System: Considerations and recommendations for effective resettlement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), Article 10331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910331

El-Assal, K. (2015). Why does Canada accept refugees? Conference Board of Canada.

English, K., Ochocka, J., & Janzen, R. (2017). Exploring the pathways to social isolation: A community-based study with Syrian refugee parents and older adults in Waterloo region. Centre for Community-Based Research.

Epule, T. E., Peng, C., & Lepage, L. (2014). Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: A review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward. GeoJournal, 80, 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z

Esses, V. M., Hamilton, L. K., Bennett-AbuAyyash, C., & Burnstein, M. (2010, March). Characteristics of a welcoming community. Pathway to Prosperity: Canada. http://p2pcanada.ca/library/characteristics-of-a-welcoming-community-report/

Fang, T., Sapeha, H., & Neil, K. (2018). Integration and retention of refugees in smaller communities. International Migration, 56, 83–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12517

Fantino, A. M., & Colak, A. (2001). Refugee children in Canada: Searching for identity. Child Welfare League of America, 80(5), 587–596. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45400291

Foster-Fishman, P., & Behrens, T. (2007). Systems change reborn: Rethinking our theories, methods, and efforts in human services reform and community-based change. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39(3-4), 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9104-5

Foster-Fishman, P., & Long, R. (2009). The challenges of place, capacity, and systems change: The story of yes we can! The Foundation Review, 1(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.4087/FOUNDATIONREVIEW-D-09-00005

Funnell, S., & Rogers, P. (2011). Purposeful program theory: Effective use of theories of change and logic models. John Wiley & Sons.

Godin, K., English, K., Ochocka, J., & Janzen, R. (2017). Understanding the experiences of Syrian refugee youth: A community-based research study examining the barriers and successes faced by Syrian refugee youth in Ontario. Centre for Community Based Research. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317007788_Understanding_the_experiences_of_Syrian_refugee_youth_A_community-based_study_examining_the_barrier_and_successes_faced_by_Syrian_refugee_youth_in_Ontario

Gokiert, R. J., Daniels, J., Rezvani, S., & Janzen, R. (2022). Practice what you teach: Lessons in community-based evaluation capacity building [Manuscript in preparation].

Gouin, R. (2016, May). Facilitating the integration of newcomer children and youth: Study on the integration of newly-arrived Syrian refugees. Submission to Senate Standing Committee on Human Rights. https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/committee/421/RIDR/Briefs/BoysandGirlsClub_e.pdf

Hamilton, L., Veronis, L., & Walton-Roberts, M. (Eds.). (2020). A national project: Syrian refugee resettlement in Canada. McGill-Queen’s University Press. https://www.mqup.ca/national-project--a-products-9780228001225.php

Hanley, J., Al Mhamied, A., Cleveland, J., Hajjar, O., Hassan, G., Ives, N., Khyar, R., & Hynie, M. (2018). The social networks, social support and social capital of Syrian refugees privately sponsored to settle in Montreal: Indications for employment and housing during their early experiences of integration. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 50(2), 123–148. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2018.0018

Hansen, L., Maidment, L., & Ahmad, R. (2016). Early observations on the health of Syrian refugees in Canada. Canada Communicable Disease Report, 42(Suppl 2), 8–10. https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v42is2a03

Hendriks, M., & Bartram, D. (2018). Bringing happiness into the study of migration and its consequences: What, why, and how? Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 17(3), 279–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2018.1458169

Hinger, S., Schafer, P., & Pott, A. (2016). The local production of asylum. Journal of Refugee Studies, 29(4), 440–463. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/few029

Hyman, I., & Guruge, S. (2002). A review of theory and health promotion strategies for new immigrant women. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 93, 183–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03404997

Hyndman, J. (2011, May 2). Research summary on resettled refugee integration in Canada. Centre for Refugee Studies, York University. https://www.unhcr.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/RPT-2011-02-resettled-refugee-e.pdf

Hyndman, J., Payne, W., & Jimenez, S. (2017). Private refugee sponsorship in Canada. Forced Migration Review, 54, 56–59. https://www.fmreview.org/resettlement/hyndman-payne-jimenez

Im, H. (2018). Constructing health capital in ecological systems: A qualitative evaluation of community-based health workshops in the refugee community. Health & Social Care in the Community, 26(4), e541–e551. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12568

Im, H., & Rosenberg, R. (2016). Building social capital through a peer-led community health workshop: A pilot with the Bhutanese refugee community. Journal of Community Health, 41, 509–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-015-0124-z

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2016a, July). Evaluation of the Resettlement Programs (GAR, PSR, BVOR and RAP). Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/migration/ircc/english/pdf/pub/resettlement.pdf

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2016b, December 21). Rapid impact evaluation of the Syrian refugee initiative. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/reports-statistics/evaluations/rapid-impact-evaluation-syrian-refugee-initiative.html

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2017a, November 1). Notice—Supplementary information 2018–2020 immigration levels plan. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/notices/supplementary-immigration-levels-2018.html

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2017b). How Canada’s refugee system works. Government of Canada. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/refugees/canada.asp

Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2019a). Annual report to Parliament on immigration 2018. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/annual-report-parliament-immigration-2018/report.html

Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2019b). Facts and figures 2017: Immigration overview—Permanent residents. Government of Canada. https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/082f05ba-e333-4132-ba42-72828d95200b.

Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2019c). Settlement logic model. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/partners-service-providers/funding/resources/settlement-logic-model.html

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2019d, June). Syrian outcomes report. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/ircc/documents/pdf/english/corporate/reports-statistics/evaluations/syria-outcomes-report-may-2019.pdf

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2020a). CIMM—Settlement program and resettlement assistance program. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/transparency/committees/march-12-2020/settlement-program-and-resettlement-assistance-program.html

Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC). (2020b). Notice—Supplementary information for the 2021–2023 immigration levels plan. Government of Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/notices/supplementary-immigration-levels-2021-2023.html

Jackson, S., & Bauder, H. (2014). Neither temporary nor permanent: The precarious employment experiences of refugee claimants in Canada. Journal of Refugee Studies, 27(3), 360–381. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fet048

Janzen, R., Bandabla, S., Yang, L., Jun, S., Taylor, M., & Notwell, J. (2020). Annotated bibliography: Evaluating refugee programs. Centre for Community Based Research. https://www.eval4refugee.ca/bibliography

Janzen, R., Chapman, M. D., & Watson, J. W. (2012). Integrating immigrants into the life of Canadian urban Christian congregations: Findings from a national survey. Review of Religious Research, 53(4), 441–470. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41940752

Janzen, R., Enns, T., Yang, L., Jun, S., Taylor, M., Ochocka, J., Notwell, J., Rezvani, S., & Vandenberg, R. (2020). Outcome inventory: Evaluating refugee programs. Centre for Community-Based Research. https://www.eval4refugee.ca/outcome-inventory

Janzen, R., Leis, K. E., & Ochocka, J. (2021). The impact of Syrian refugee arrivals on local systems of support in Canada. International Migration & Integration, 22, 1221–1242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-020-00792-z

Janzen, R., Nelson, G., Hausfather, N. & Ochocka, J. (2007). Capturing system level activities and impacts of consumer-run organizations: Methods that inform future action. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39, 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9107-2

Janzen, R., Nelson, G., Trainor, J., & Ochocka, J. (2006). A longitudinal study of mental health consumer/survivor initiatives: Part IV—Benefits beyond the self? A quantitative and qualitative study of system-level activities and impacts. Journal of Community Psychology, 34(3), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20100

Janzen, R., Ochocka, J., Kurfurst, D., Biles, J., Sherrell, K., Sinclair, V., & Hamilton, L. (2021, February 5). Competing agendas?: Bridging funder and organization expectations in evaluation [Webinar]. Centre for Community Based Research. https://www.eval4refugee.ca/webinars

Janzen, R., Ochocka, J., & Stobbe, A. (2016). Towards a theory of change for community-based research projects. The Engaged Scholar Journal: Community-Engaged Research, Teaching, and Learning, 2(2), 44–64. https://doi.org/10.15402/esj.v2i2.165

Janzen, R., Seskar-Hencic, D., Dildar, Y., & McFadden, P. (2012). Using evaluation to shape and direct comprehensive community initiatives: Evaluation, reflective practice, and interventions dealing with complexity. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 25(2), 61–88. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289603701_Using_evaluation_to_shape_and_direct_comprehensive_community_initiatives_Evaluation_reflective_practice_and_interventions_dealing_with_complexity

Jedwab, J., & Soroka, S. (2014). Indexing integration: A review of national and international models. Canadian Institute for Identities and Migration. https://www.integrationindex.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Indexing-Integration.pdf

Kelly, J., Ryan, A., Altman, B. E., & Stelzner, S. P. (2000). Understanding and changing social systems: An ecological view. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook for community psychology (pp. 133–159). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4193-6_7

Kwon, Y. J., & Lee, K. (2018). Group child-centered play therapy for school-aged North Korean refugee children. International Journal of Play Therapy, 27(4), 256–271. https://doi.org/10.1037/pla0000077

Kyriakides, C., Bajjali, L., McLuhan, A., & Anderson, K. (2018). Beyond refuge: Contested orientalism and persons of self-rescue. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 50(2), 59–78. https://doi-org/10.1177/0011392120946387

Lasby, D. (2019, March). The state of evaluation: Measurement and evaluation practices in Canada’s charitable sector. Imagine Canada. https://www.imaginecanada.ca/en/research/state-of-evaluation

Lasby, D. (2018). The state of evaluation: Measurement and evaluation practices in Ontario’s non-profit sector. Ontario Nonprofit Network. https://theonn.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/State-of-Evauation-October-2018.pdf

Levitz, S. (2016, March 21). Canada’s refugee effort hailed as model for world by head of UN agency. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/un-refugee-private-government-sponsor-1.3501400

Liket, K. C., Rey-Garcia, M., & Maas, K. E. H. (2014). Why aren’t evaluations working and what to do about it: A framework for negotiating meaningful evaluation in nonprofits. American Journal of Evaluation, 35(2), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214013517736

Marks, J. A. (2014). Rural refugee resettlement: Secondary migration and community integration in Fort Morgan, Colorado (New Issues in Refugee Research, Research Paper No. 269). Policy Development and Evaluation Service, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. http://www.unhcr.org/afr/5326c7cd9.pdf

Mitra, R., & Hodes, M. (2019). Prevention of psychological distress and promotion of resilience amongst unaccompanied refugee minors in resettlement countries. Child: Care, Health and Development, 45(2), 198–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12640

Morantz, G., Rousseau, C., Banerji, A., Martin, C., & Heymann, J. (2013). Resettlement challenges faced by refugee claimant families in Montreal: Lack of access to child care. Child & Family Social Work, 18(3), 318–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2012.00848.x

Mulvey, G. (2015). Refugee integration policy: The effects of UK policy-making on refugees in Scotland. Journal of Social Policy, 44(2), 357–375. https://doi.org/10.1017/S004727941500001X

Murray, K. E., Davidson, G. R., & Schweitzer, R. D. (2010). Review of refugee mental health interventions following resettlement: Best practices and recommendations. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(4), 576–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01062.x

Nakeyar, C., Esses, V., & Reid, G. (2018). The psychosocial needs of refugee children and youth and best practices for filling these needs: A systematic review. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23(2), 186–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104517742188

Panter-Brick, C., Dajani, R., Eggerman, M., Hermosilla, S., Sancilio, A., & Ager, A. (2018). Insecurity, distress and mental health: Experimental and randomized controlled trials of a psychosocial intervention for youth affected by the Syrian crisis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 59(5), 523–541. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12832

Phillimore, J. (2012). Implementing integration in the UK: Lessons for integration theory, policy and practice. Policy & Politics, 40(4), 525–545. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557312X643795

Phillimore, J. (2021). Refugee-integration-opportunity structures: Shifting the focus from refugees to context. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(2), 1946–1966. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa012

Plasterer, R. (2011). Investigating integration: The geographies of the WUSC student refugee program at the University of British Columbia. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 27(1), 59–74. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.34349

Puma, J. E., Lichtenstein, G., & Stein, P. (2018). The RISE survey: Developing and implementing a valid and reliable quantitative measure of refugee integration in the United States. Journal of Refugee Studies, 31(4), 605–625. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fex047

Ravanera, Z. R., Esses, V., & Fernando, R. (2013). Integration and “welcome-ability” indexes: Measures of community capacity to integrate immigrants. Population Change and Lifecourse Strategic Knowledge Cluster Discussion Paper Series, 1(1), Article 6. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/pclc/vol1/iss1/6

Rioseco, P., De Maio, J., & Hoang, C. (2017). The building a new life in Australia (BNLA) dataset: A longitudinal study of humanitarian migrants in Australia. The Australian Economic Review, 50(3), 356–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12234

Rose, D. (2019). Creating a home in Canada: Refugee housing challenges and potential policy solutions. Migration Policy Institute. http://espace.inrs.ca/id/eprint/9472

Schensul, J. J. (2009). Community, culture and sustainability in multilevel dynamic systems intervention science. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34(3-4), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9228-x

Scotti, M. (2017, June 10). Is Canada’s reputation as a safe haven for refugee’s deserved? Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/3502905/is-canadas-reputation-as-a-safe-haven-for-refugees-deserved

Sehl, M. (2004). Stakeholder involvement in government-funded outcome evaluation: Lessons from the front line. Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 19(2), 37–56. https://www.evaluationcanada.ca/secure/19-2-037.pdf

Sherrell, K. (2017, November 17). On our way to determining settlement outcomes … or bust [Conference session video]. Pathways to Prosperity 2017 National Conference, Toronto, ON. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30GRv4S38QI&feature=youtu.be

Shields, J., Drolet, J., & Valenzuela, K. (2016). Immigrant settlement and integration services and the role of non-profit providers: A cross-national perspective on trends, issues and evidence (RCIS Working Paper No. 2016/1). Ryerson Centre for Immigration & Settlement. https://doi.org/10.32920/ryerson.14652747.v1

Silove, D. (2013). The ADAPT model: A conceptual framework for mental health and psychosocial programming in post conflict settings. Intervention: International Journal of Mental Health, Psychosocial Work & Counselling in Areas of Armed Conflict, 11(3), 237–248. 10.1017/S2045796016000925

https://doi.org/10.1097/WTF.0000000000000005

Simich, L., Beiser, M., Stewart, M., & Mwakarimba, E. (2005). Providing social support for immigrants and refugees in Canada: Challenges and directions. Journal of Immigrant Health, 7, 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-005-5123-1

Sirin, S., Plass, J. L., Homer, B. D., Vatanartiran, S., & Tsai, T. (2018). Digital game-based education for Syrian refugee children: Project hope. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies: An International Interdisciplinary Journal for Research, Policy and Care, 13(1), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2017.1412551

Steimel, S. (2017). Negotiating refugee empowerment(s) in resettlement organizations. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 15(1), 90–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2016.1180470

Stewart, M., Simich, L., Shizha, E., Makumbe K., & Makwarimba, E. (2012). Supporting African refugees in Canada: Insights from a support intervention. Health & Social Care in the Community, 20(5), 516–527. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2012.01069.x

Suárez-Herrera, J. C., Springett, J., & Kagan, C. (2009). Critical connections between participatory evaluation, organizational learning and intentional change in pluralistic organizations. Evaluation, 15(3), 321–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356389009105884

Thomson, D. (2010). Exploring the role of funders’ performance reporting mandates in nonprofit performance measurement. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 39(4), 611–629. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764009360575

Trickett, E. J. (2009). Multiple-level community-based culturally situated interventions and community impact: An ecological perspective. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34(3/4), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9227-y

United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR). (2017, April 24). Canada’s 2016 record high level of resettlement praised by UNHCR [Press Release]. https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2017/4/58fe15464/canadas-2016-record-high-level-resettlement-praised-unhcr.html

Veronis, L., Tabler, Z., & Ahmed, R. (2018). Syrian refugee youth use social media: Building transcultural spaced and connections for resettlement in Ottawa, Canada. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 50(2), 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2018.0016

Wilkinson, L., & Garcea, J. (2017). The economic integration of refugees in Canada: A mixed record? Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/TCM-Asylum_Canada-FINAL.pdf

Wilkinson, L., Garcea, J., Bhattacharyya, P., Riziki, A., Abdul-Karim, A. B., Schnieders, M, & Riziki, A. (2017, June 27). Resettling in the Canadian prairies: A survey of Syrian refugees in Canada’s prairies. http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/media/revised_Oct19_FINAL_REPORT_JUNE_27.pdf

Woodgate, R. L., Busolo, D. S., Crockett, M., Dean R. A., Amaladas, M. R., & Plourde, P. J. (2017). A qualitative study on African immigrant and refugee families’ experiences of accessing primary health care services in Manitoba, Canada: It’s not easy! International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(5), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0510-x

Yohani, S., Kirova, A., Georgis, R., Gokiert, R. J., Mejia, T., & Chiu, Y. (2019). Cultural brokering with Syrian refugee families with young children: An exploration of challenges and best practices in psychosocial adaptation. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 20, 1181–1202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-019-00651-6

Yu, S., Ouellet, E., & Warmington, A. (2007). Refugee integration in Canada: A survey of empirical evidence and existing services. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 24(2), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.21381

Published

2022-11-08

How to Cite

Janzen, R., Taylor, M., & Gokiert, R. (2022). Life beyond Refuge: A System Theory of Change for Supporting Refugee Newcomers. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 38(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40892

Similar Articles

<< < 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.