Gender and Asylum-Seeking in a European Borderland: Intersectional Discriminations and “Lessened” Citizenship

Auteurs-es

  • Chara Karagiannopoulou Department of International, European and Area Studies, Panteion University, Athens, Greece https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3257-2754
  • Evangelia Tastsoglou Department of Sociology and Global Development Studies, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6679-2747
  • Sandy Petrinioti Department of Global Development Studies, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6802-4645

DOI :

https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.41162

Mots-clés :

lessened citizenship, intersectional discriminations, gender-based violence, asylum-seeking women, Greece, Europe

Résumé

Cet article présente une analyse féministe des discriminations multiples et entrecroisées auxquelles sont confrontées les femmes demandeuses d’asile dans une « région frontalière » de l’Europe, en l’occurrence la Grèce. Il explore la manière dont ces discriminations opèrent à travers la loi, les politiques, les pratiques et les discours, tout en soulignant l’interaction dynamique des discriminations intersectionnelles avec les droits et les pratiques en matière de citoyenneté. Les données ont été recueillies au moyen de 35 entretiens avec des femmes demandeuses d’asile. L’analyse démontre que (a) les discriminations intersectionnelles se produisent à la fois au niveau macro et micro, reproduisant et consolidant la citoyenneté « réduite » des femmes, tandis que (b) la citoyenneté « réduite » renforce leur statut précaire et les rend vulnérables à une violence basée sur le genre qui se manifeste de manière multiforme et multi-située.

Statistiques

Chargement des statistiques…

Bibliographies de l'auteur-e

Chara Karagiannopoulou, Department of International, European and Area Studies, Panteion University, Athens, Greece

Chara Karagiannopoulou is an Associate Professor of Comparative and International Politics at Panteion University. She can be reached at charakaragiannopoulou@yahoo.gr or charakara@panteion.gr.

Evangelia Tastsoglou, Department of Sociology and Global Development Studies, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Evangelia Tastsoglou is a Professor of Sociology and Global Development Studies at Saint Mary’s University. She can be reached at Evie.Tastsoglou@smu.ca.

Sandy Petrinioti, Department of Global Development Studies, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Sandy Petrinioti is an Adjunct Professor of Global Development Studies at Saint Mary’s University. She can be reached at sandy.petrinioti@smu.ca.

Références

Agamben, G. (1998). Homo sacer: Sovereign power and bare life (D. Heller-Roazen, Trans.). Stanford University Press. http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=2003

Angulo-Pasel, C. (2019). The categorized and invisible: The effects of the “border” on women migrant transit flows in Mexico. Social Sciences, 8(5), Article 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8050144

Arat-Koc, S. (1992). Immigration policies, migrant domestic workers, and the definition of citizenship in Canada. In V. Satzewich (Ed.), Deconstructing a nation: Immigration, multiculturalism and racism in ’90s Canada (pp. 229–242). Fernwood Pubishing.

Asylum Service. (2016, November 23). Establishment of an autonomous asylum unit for the accelerated examination of applications for international protection (Common Ministerial Decision No. 18739, Greek Government Gazette B 3786/23.11.2016). Hellenic Republic, Ministry of Migration and Asylum.

Asylum Service. (2017, October 12). Opening of regional asylum offices in Peraus and Alimos (Common Ministerial Decision No. 16654, Greek Government Gazette B 3614/12/10/2017). Hellenic Republic, Ministry of Migration and Asylum.

Athanasiou, A. (2007). Ζωή στο όριο: Δοίιμια για το σώμα, το φύλο και τη βιοπολιτική [Life at the limit: Essays on the body, gender, and biopolitics]. Ekkremes.

Balibar, E. (2009). Europe as borderland. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 27(2), 190–215. https://doi.org/10.1068/d13008

Bhabha, H. (1994). The location of culture (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203820551

Bosniak, L. (2006). Borders, domestic work, and the ambiguities of citizenship. In L. Bosniak, The citizen and the alien: Dilemmas of contemporary membership (pp. 102–121). Princeton University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7s254

Bosniak, L. (2017). Status non-citizens. In A. Shachar, R. Baubock, I. Bloemraad, & M. Vink (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of citizenship studies (pp. 314–336). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198805854.013.14

Cabot, H. (2019). The European refugee crisis and humanitarian citizenship in Greece. Ethnos, 84(5), 747–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2018.1529693

Carastathis, A. (2014). The concept of intersectionality in feminist theory. Philosophy Compass, 9(5), 304–314. https://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12129

Chetail, V. (2014). Are refugee rights human rights? An unorthodox questioning of the relations between refugee law and human rights law. In R. Rubio-Marín (Ed.), Human rights and immigration (pp.19–72). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198701170.003.0002

Cohen, E. F. (2009). Semi-citizenship in democratic politics. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511642333

Council of the European Union. (2016, March 18). EU–Turkey statement, 18 March 2016 [Press release 144/16]. General Secretariat of the Council. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/

Crépeau, F., & Nakache, D. (2006). Controlling irregular migration in Canada—Reconciling security concerns with human rights protection. IRPP Choices, 12(1). https://ssrn.com/abstract=1516626

Dimitriadi, A. (2022). Governing migrant (im)mobility in Greece after the EU–Turkey statement. In M. Kousis, A. Chatzidaki, & K. Kafetsios (Eds.), Challenging mobilities in and to the EU during times of crises: The case of Greece (pp. 221–240). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11574-5_11

Dittmer, C., & Lorenz, D. F. (2021). Frictions of implementing EU humanitarian aid in Greece (2016–2019)—The Emergency Support Instrument and its practical ramifications. Journal of International Humanitarian Action, 6(1), Article 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-021-00095-7

Dobrowolsky, A., & Tastsoglou, E. (2006). Crossing boundaries and making connections. In E. Tastsoglou & A. Dobrowolsky (Eds.), Women, migration and citizenship: Making local, national and transnational connections (pp. 1–35). Ashgate Publishers. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315546575

Driver, J. (2005). Consequentialism and feminist ethics. Hypatia, 20(4), 183–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2005.tb00543.x

Enloe, C. (1989). Bananas, beaches, and bases: Making feminist sense of international politics. University of California Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt6wqbn6

Enloe, C. (2004). The curious feminist. University of California Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pnb63

European Asylum Support Office. (2020). Border procedures for asylum applications in EU+ countries 2020. https://euaa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/Border-procedures-asylum-applications-2020.pdf

European Commission. (2015, September 14). Council decision (EU) 2015/1523. EUR-Lex. http://data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2015/1523/oj

European Union. (2005, December 1). Council directive 2005/85/EC. EUR-Lex. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32005L0085

European Union. (2013, June 26). European Parliament and Council directive 2013/32/EU. EUR-Lex. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32013L0032

Faist, T. (2000). Transnationalization in international migration: Ιmplications for the study of citizenship and culture. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(2), 189–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198700329024

Franzway, S. (2016). The sexual politics of citizenship and violence. Women’s Studies International Forum, 58, 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2016.04.006

Friedman, M. (1991). The practice of partiality. Ethics, 101(4), 818–835. https://doi.org/10.1086/293345

Gerth, H. H., & Mills, C. W. (Eds.). (1946). From Max Weber: Essays in sociology. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203759240

Grabham, E., Cooper, D., Krishnadas, J., & Herman, D. (Eds.). (2008). Intersectionality and beyond: Law, power and the politics of location. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203890882

Hellenic Ministry of Migration and Asylum. (n.d.). Statistics. Retrieved June 18, 2024, from https://migration.gov.gr/statistika/

Hildebrandt, P., & Peters, S. (2019). Introduction. In P. Hildebrandt, K. Evert, K. Peters, S. Schaub, & G. Ziemer (Eds.), Performing citizenship: Bodies, agencies, limitations (pp.1–14). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97502-3_1

Howden, D., & Fotiadis, A. (2017, March 6). The refugee archipelago: The inside story of what went wrong in Greece. The New Humanitarian. https://deeply.thenewhumanitarian.org/refugees/articles/2017/03/06/the-refugee-archipelago-the-inside-story-of-what-went-wrong-in-greece

Hyndman, J. (2007). Conflict, citizenship, and human security: Geographies of protection. In D. Cower, & E. Gilbert (Eds.), War, citizenship, territory (pp. 241–257). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203938126

Hyndman, J. (2019). Unsettling feminist geopolitics: Forging feminist political geographies of violence and displacement. Gender, Place & Culture, 26(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369x.2018.1561427

International Organization for Migration. (2016). Europe—Mixed migration flows to Europe, yearly overview (2015). https://migration.iom.int/reports/europe-%E2%80%94-mixed-migration-flows-europe-yearly-overview-2015?close=true

Kiwan, D. (2021). Inclusion and citizenship: Syrian and Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 25(2), 283–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1707308

Lister, R. (1997). Citizenship: Towards a feminist synthesis. Feminist Review, 57, 28–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/014177897339641

Lister, R. (2003). Citizenship: Feminist perspectives (2nd ed.). New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26209-0

Maher, K. H. (2004). Globalized social reproduction immigrant service workers and the citizenship gap. In A. Brysk & G. Shafir (Eds.), People out of place: Globalization, human rights and citizenship gap (pp. 131–151). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203643983

Marsh, D., & Stoker, G. (2010). Theory and methods in political science. Palgrave Macmillan.

Marshall, T. H. (1950). Citizenship and social class and other essays. Cambridge University Press.

Marshall, T. H. (1964). Class, citizenship, and social development. Doubleday.

Miller, S. D. (2017). UNHCR as a surrogate state: Protracted refugee situations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315456812

Moschopoulos, M. (2023). A “surrogate state” for refugees in Greece. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 42(2), 123–157. https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdad002

Nah, A. M. (2019). The ambiguous authority of a “surrogate state”: UNHCR’s negotiation of asylum in the complexities of migration in Southeast Asia. Revue Europeenne des Migrations Internationales, 1(2), 63–86. https://doi.org/10.4000/remi.12582

Nayak, M., & Suchland, J. (2006). Gender violence and hegemonic projects. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 8(4), 467–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616740600945024

Onuf, N. (1989). World of our making: Rules and rule in social theory and international relations. Routledge.

Parreñas, R. S. (2001). Transgressing the nation-state: The partial citizenship and “imagined (global) community” of migrant Filipina domestic workers. Signs, 26(4), 1129–1154. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230101821_6

Pateman, C. (1988). The sexual contract. Stanford University Press.

Reilly, N., Bjørnholt, M., & Tastsoglou, E. (2022). Vulnerability, precarity and intersectionality: A critical review of three key concepts for understanding gender-based violence in migration contexts. In J. Freedman, N. Sahraoui, & E. Tastsoglou (Eds.), Gender-based violence in migration: Interdisciplinary, feminist and intersectional approaches (pp. 29–56). Palgrave Macmillan. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07929-0

Romero, M. (2017). Introducing intersectionality: An introduction. Polity.

Scott, K., Shinde, A., Ummer, O., Yadav, S., Sharma, M., Purty, N., Jairath, A., Chamberlain, S., & LeFevre, A. E. (2021). Freedom within a cage: How patriarchal gender norms limit women’s use of mobile phones in rural central India. BMJ Global Health, 6, Article e005596. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005596

Shachar, A. (2020). Beyond open and closed borders: The grand transformation of citizenship. Jurisprudence, 11(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/20403313.2020.1788283

Sinha, S., & Uppal, S. (2009). Lesser youth? Particular universalisms and young separated migrants in East London. Journal of Youth Studies, 12(3), 257–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260802687364

Slaughter, A., & Crisp, J. (2009, January). A surrogate state? The role of UNHCR in protracted refugee situations [Research paper no. 168]. UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/media/surrogate-state-role-unhcr-protracted-refugee-situations-amy-slaughter-and-jeff-crisp

Soysal, Y. N. (1994). The limits of citizenship: Migrants and postnational membership in Europe. University of Chicago Press.

Stasiulis, D., & Bakan, A. (1997). Negotiating citizenship: The case of foreign domestic workers in Canada. Feminist Review, 57, 112–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141778973396

Strid, S., & Verloo, M. (2019). Intersectional complexities in gender-based violence politics. In E. Evans & É. Lépinard (Eds.), Intersectionality in feminist and queer movements: Confronting privileges (pp. 83–100). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429289859

Tastsoglou, E. (2010). Less-preferred workers and citizens in the making: The case of Greek domestic women in Canada in the 1950s and 1960s. Ιn M. Abraham, E. Chow, L. Maratou-Alipranti, & E. Tastsoglou (Εds.), The contours of citizenship: Women, diversity and practices of citizenship (pp. 23–40). Ashgate. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315574066

Tastsoglou, E., & Dobrowolsky, A. (Eds.). (2006). Women, migration and citizenship: Making local, national and transnational connections. Ashgate. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315546575

Tastsoglou, E., Petrinioti, X., & Karagiannopoulou, C. (2021). The gender-based violence and precarity nexus: Asylum-seeking women in the Eastern Mediterranean. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 3, Article 660682. https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.660682

Tastsoglou, E., & Wilkinson, L. (2023). Gender-based violence and citizenship in a migration context. Ιn M. Romero (Εd.), Research handbook on intersectionality (pp. 292–312). Edward Elgar Books. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800378056

Tschalaer, M. (2022). Increasing isolation of LGBTQI+ asylum claimants during COVID-19 in the UK. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 18(1), 116–132. https://doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v18i1.1262

Turner, B. (1993). Contemporary problems in the theory of citizenship. In B. S. Turner (Ed.), Citizenship and social theory (pp.1–19). Sage Publications.

United Nations Development Programme. (1994, January 1). Human development report 1994. https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-1994

UNHCR. (n.d). Gender-based violence. https://www.unhcr.org/what-we-do/protect-human-rights/protection/gender-based-violence

UNHCR. (2003, May). Sexual and gender-based violence against refugees, returnees and internally displaced persons: Guidelines for prevention and response. https://www.unhcr.org/media/sexual-and-gender-based-violence-against-refugees-returnees-and-internally-displaced-persons

UNHCR. (2024, January 30). Humanitarian principles. In Emergency handbook. https://emergency.unhcr.org/protection/protection-principles/humanitarian-principles

United Nations. (1948, December 10). Universal declaration of human rights. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights

UN Women. (n.d.) Gender-based violence. https://www.unwomen.org/en/hq-complex-page/covid-19-rebuilding-for-resilience/gender-basedviolence?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIop6GjpK1-QIVRbTVCh2k1ACMEAAYASAAEgIRA_D_BwE

Vlieger, A. (2014). Diminished civil citizenship of female migrant domestic workers in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. In T. D. Truong, D. Gasper, J. Handmaker, & S. I. Bergh (Eds.), Migration, gender and social justice: Perspectives on human insecurity (pp. 291–306). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28012-2_16

Walby, S. (2009). Globalization and inequalities: Complexity and contested modernities. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446269145

Wendt, A., & Duvall, R. (1989). Institutions and international order. In E. Czempiel & J. N. Rosenau (Eds.), Global changes and theoretical challenges: Approaches to the world politics for the 1990s (pp. 51–73). Lexington Books.

Wrigley-Asante, C. (2011). Out of the dark but not out of the cage: Women’s empowerment and gender relations in the Dangme West District of Ghana. Gender, Place & Culture, 19(3), 344–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2011.572435

Yacob-Haliso, O. (2016). Intersectionality and durable solutions for refugee women in Africa. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 11(3), 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15423166.2016.1236698

Yeboah, I. A. (2020). Double pandemic: Racial discrimination amid coronavirus disease 2019. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 2(1), Article 100074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100074

Yuval-Davis, N. (1993). Gender and nation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 16(4), 621–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1993.9993800

Yuval-Davis, N. (1997). Gender and nation. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446222201

Yuval-Davis, N. (2015). Situated intersectionality and social inequality. Raisons Politiques, 2(58), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.3917/rai.058.0091

Publié-e

2024-07-26

Comment citer

Karagiannopoulou, C., Tastsoglou, E., & Petrinioti, S. (2024). Gender and Asylum-Seeking in a European Borderland: Intersectional Discriminations and “Lessened” Citizenship. Refuge : Revue Canadienne Sur Les réfugiés , 40(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.41162