The Evolution of Vulnerability in Norwegian Refugee Debates: Semantic and Political Changes over Four Decades
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.41737Mots-clés :
refugee policy, vulnerability, migration governance, political rhetoricRésumé
Cette étude suit la trace de la manière dont la vulnérabilité est venue à être un concept clé au sein de la politique norvégienne sur les réfugiés depuis les années 1980 jusqu’aux années 2020. Au moyen de l’histoire des concepts de Koselleck, elle analyse sept débats législatifs et politiques majeurs. Les résultats illustrent un changement de l’approche systémique au déplacement à une méthode d’évaluation des risques qui renforce ainsi une hiérarchie du mérite. La vulnérabilité a libéralisé des procédures de demande d’asile, mais a également légitimé des politiques restrictives qui favorisent ainsi les réfugiés réinstallés plutôt que les demandeurs et demandeuses d’asile. L’étude souligne la manière dont ce concept agit comme outil politique autant qu’outil moral et définit donc les priorités en matière de réfugiés tout en réduisant la responsabilité politique en matière de déplacements mondiaux.
Statistiques
Références
Atak, I., Nakache, D., Guild, E., & Crépeau, F. (2018). “Migrants in vulnerable situations” and the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (Queen Mary School of Law Legal Studies research paper no. 273/2018). Social Science Research Network. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3124392
Bacchi, C. (2012). Introducing the “what’s the problem represented to be?” approach. In A. Bletsas & C. Beasley (Eds.), Engaging with Carol Bacchi: Strategic interventions and exchanges (pp. 21–24). University of Adelaide Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/UPO9780987171856.003
Bø, B. P. (2019). Den grenseløse innvandringskontrollen—sEt rettssikkerhetsproblem? [Borderless immigration control—A rule of law problem?]. Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift, 36(3), 241–254. https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-3053-2019-03-07
Brown, K. (2016). Vulnerability and young people: Care and social control in policy and practice. Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t89hfp
Brown, K., Ecclestone, K., & Emmel, N. (2017). The many faces of vulnerability. Social Policy and Society, 16(3), 497–510. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746416000610
Cardona, O.-D., van Aalst, M. K., Birkmann, J., Fordham, M., McGregor, G., Perez, R., Pulwarty, R. S., Schipper, E. L. F., Sinh, B. T., Décamps, H., Keim, M., Davis, I., Ebi, K. L., Lavell, A., Mechler, R., Murray, V., Pelling, M., Pohl, J., Smith, A.-O., & Thomalla, F. (2012). Determinants of risk: Exposure and vulnerability. In C. B. Field, Q. Dahe, T. F. Stocker, & V. Barros (Eds.), Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation: Special report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 65–108). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177245.005
Djuve, A. B., Kavli, H. C., Sterri, E. B., & Bråten, B. (2017). Introduksjonsprogram og norskopplæring. Hva virker—for hvem? [The introduction program and Norwegian training: what works—for whom?] (No. Fafo-rapport 2017:31). Fafo. https://www.fafo.no/images/pub/2017/20639.pdf
Dok. 85 S (2019–2020). (2020). Representantforslag om å evakuere barn og sårbare flyktninger fra Hellas til Norge og å støtte og bidra til den humanitære løsningen varslet av den tyske regjeringen [Private member’s bill to evacuate children and vulnerable refugees from Greece to Norway, and to support and contribute to the humanitarian solution announced by the German government.]. Stortinget. https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Publikasjoner/Representantforslag/2019-2020/dok8-201920-085s/
Dok. 86 S (2019–2020). (2020). Representantforslag om solidaritet med Hellas og hjelp til barn som er i flyktningleirer [Private member’s bill on solidarity with Greece and assistance for children in refugee camps]. Stortinget. https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Publikasjoner/Representantforslag/2019-2020/dok8-201920-086s/
Eggebø, H., & Staver, A. B. (2020). Mer midlertidighet—Innvandringspolitikken etter asylforliket [More temporality—Immigration policy after the asylum settlement]. Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift, 37(2), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-3053-2020-02-04
Eriksen, T. H. (2013). Immigration and national identity in Norway. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/immigration-and-national-identity-norway
Fineman, M., & Grear, A. (Eds.). (2016). Vulnerability: Reflections on a new ethical foundation for law and politics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315547862
Flegar, V. (2018). Who is deemed vulnerable in the governance of migration? Unpacking UNHCR’s and IOM’s policy label for being deserving of protection and assistance. Asiel- & Migrantenrecht, 8, 374–383. https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3375321
Heidbrink, L. (2021). Anatomy of a crisis: Governing youth mobility through vulnerability. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(5), 988–1005. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1797479
Jacobsen, C. M., & Karlsen, M.-A. (2023). Protect: The right to international protection—A comparative study of vulnerability as a globally mobile policy concept (Working paper). https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7680250
Karlsen, M.-A. (2024). Governing migration through vulnerability at Spain’s southern maritime border: A malleable concept in a securitised and marketised regime. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 50(4), 873–890. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2264516
Koselleck, R. (1982). Begriffsgeschichte and social history. Economy and Society, 11(4), 409–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085148200000015
La Spina, E. (2021a). Especially vulnerable subjects and categories in the context of European migration: Theoretical regulatory challenges. Migration Letters, 18(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.59670/ml.v18i5.991
La Spina, E. (2021b). Migrant vulnerability or asylum seeker/refugee vulnerability? More than complex categories. Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 11(6[S]), S82–S115. https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1225
Leboeuf, L. (2022). The juridification of “vulnerability” through EU asylum law: The quest for bridging the gap between the law and asylum applicants’ experiences. Laws, 11(3), Article 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws11030045
Luna, F. (2009). Elucidating the concept of vulnerability: Layers not labels. International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics, 2(1), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.3138/ijfab.2.1.121
Meld. St. 9 (2009–2010). (2010). Norsk flyktning- og migrasjonspolitikk i et europeisk perspektiv [Norwegian refugee and migration policy in a European perspective]. Justis- og beredskapsdepartementet. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/Meld-St-9-2009--2010/id597820/
NOU 2004: 20. (2001). Ny utlendingslov [New immigration act]. Kommunal- og distriktsdepartementet. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/nou-2004-20/id387326/
Olsen, E. D. H. (2018). Out but still in: Norway’s approach to migration and asylum as a non-EU State (GLOBUS research paper 6/2018). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3169148
Ot.prp. nr. 75 (2006–2007). (2007). Om lov om utlendingers adgang til riket og deres opphold her (utlendingsloven) [On the Act on the Entry of Foreigners into the Realm and Their Residence Here (Immigration Act)]. Arbeids- og inkluderingsdepartementet. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/otprp-nr-75-2006-2007-/id474152/
Peroni, L., & Timmer, A. (2013). Vulnerable groups: The promise of an emerging concept in European Human Rights Convention law. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 11(4), 1056–1085. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mot042
Protocol to the agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the state responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in a member state or in Iceland or Norway. (2006, February 28). Official Journal of the European Union. http://data.europa.eu/eli/prot/2006/167/oj
Richter, M., & Richter, M. (2006). Introduction: Translation of Reinhart Koselleck’s “Krise,” in Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe. Journal of the History of Ideas, 67(2), 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhi.2006.0017
Sandberg, M., Schultz, J., & Syppli Kohl, K. (2025). The temporary turn in asylum: A new agenda for researching the politics of deterrence in practice. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 51(8), 1997–2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2024.2441594
Smith, K., & Waite, L. (2019). New and enduring narratives of vulnerability: Rethinking stories about the figure of the refugee. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(13), 2289–2307. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1496816
Sözer, H. (2020). Humanitarianism with a neo-liberal face: Vulnerability intervention as vulnerability redistribution. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(11), 2163–2180. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1573661
Staver, A. B. (2021). Restriktiv eller selektiv? Innvandringspolitikkens ulike ansikter [Restrictive or selective? The different faces of immigration policy]. Nytt Norsk Tidsskrift, 38(3), 183–194. https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-3053-2021-03-02
S.tid (2009–2010). (2010, June 8). Stortinget—Møte tirsdag den 8. juni 2010 kl. 10 [Minutes from the Storting—meeting on Tuesday, June 8, 2010, item no. 9]. Stortinget. https://stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Publikasjoner/Referater/Stortinget/2009-2010/100608/9/
S.tid. (2014–2015). (2015, June 19). Stortinget—Møte fredag den 19. juni 2015 kl. 9 [Minutes from the Storting—meeting on Friday, June 19, 2015, item nos. 2 and 3]. Stortinget. https://stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Publikasjoner/Referater/Stortinget/2014-2015/150619/
S.tid. (2019–2020). (2020, May 26). Stortinget—Møte tirsdag den 26. mai 2020 [Minutes from the Storting—meeting on Tuesday, May 26, 2020, item no. 25]. Stortinget. https://stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Publikasjoner/Referater/Stortinget/2019-2020/refs-201920-05-26/
S.tid (2021–2022). (2022, March 10). Stortinget—Møte torsdag den 10. mars 2022 [Minutes from the Storting—Meeting on Thursday, March 10, 2022, item no. 1]. Stortinget. https://stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Publikasjoner/Referater/Stortinget/2021-2022/refs-202122-03-10/
St.meld. nr. 17 (1994–1995). (1995). Om flyktningpolitikken [On the refugee policy]. Kommunal- og arbeidsdepartementet. https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Stortingsforhandlinger/Lesevisning/?p=1994-95&paid=3&wid=b&psid=DIVL446&s=False
St.meld. nr. 39 (1987–1988). (1998). Om innvandringspolitikken [On the immigration policy]. Kommunal- og arbeidsdepartementet. https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Stortingsforhandlinger/Lesevisning/?p=1987-88&paid=3&wid=c&psid=DIVL411
Turner, L. (2017). Who will resettle single Syrian men? Forced Migration Review, 54, 29–31. https://www.fmreview.org/resettlement/turner-2/
Turner, L. (2019). Syrian refugee men as objects of humanitarian care. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 21(4), 595–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2019.1641127
Welfens, N. (2023). “Promising victimhood”: Contrasting deservingness requirements in refugee resettlement. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(5), 1103–1124. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2117686
Wodak, R. (2015). The politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourses mean. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446270073
Wodak, R. (2021). Crisis communication and crisis management during COVID-19. Global Discourse, 11(3), 329–353. https://doi.org/10.1332/204378921X16100431230102
Yahyaoui Krivenko, E. (2022). Reassessing the relationship between equality and vulnerability in relation to refugees and asylum seekers in the ECtHR: The MSS case 10 years on. International Journal of Refugee Law, 34(2), 192–214. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeac027
Zetter, R. (1991). Labelling refugees: Forming and transforming a bureaucratic identity. Journal of Refugee Studies, 4(1), 39–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/4.1.39
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
© Ragna Lillevik 2026
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale 4.0 International.
Les auteurs qui publient dans Refuge conservent le droit d’auteur associé à leur œuvre, et octroient au public une licence Creative Commons Attribution - Utilisation non commerciale 4.0 International. La licence permet l’utilisation, la reproduction et l’adaptation du matériel avec attribution par tous moyens et sous tous formats pour des fins non commerciales. Pour des informations générales sur les licences Creative Commons, visitez le site Creative Commons. Pour la licence CC BY-NC 4.0, consultez le résumé lisible par l'homme.
